A case of nasopharyngeal carcinoma with autonomic nervous dysfunction and literature review / 中国医师杂志

Objective:A case of advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma with autonomic dysfunction was reported and its pathophysiological mechanism was discussed.Methods:The diagnosis and treatment of a nasopharyngeal carcinoma patient with autonomic nervous dysfunction such as paroxysmal syncope was summarized, and the pathophysiological mechanism of this case was analyzed by searching related literature.Results:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma characterized by autonomic dysfunction was rare and had a poor prognosis. Autonomic dysfunction caused by nasopharyngeal carcinoma was associated with carotid sinus syndrome, parapharyngeal space syncope syndrome, glossopharyngeal nerve reflex and paraneoplastic neuropathy.Conclusions:Early detection and treatment is a key factor affecting the prognosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Clinicians should consider nasopharyngeal carcinoma as one of the differential diagnoses in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with autonomic nervous dysfunction combined with cranial nerve damage.

Monitoring of intracranial pressure in patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage after minimally invasive surgery and its correlation with nerve injury,inflammatory stress response / 中国基层医药

Objective To monitor the itrracranial pressure in patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage after minimally invasive surgery and to explore its correlation with nerve injury,inflammatory stress response.Methods From December 2014 to October 2017,60 patients of hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage underwent minimally invasive surgery in Taizhou Municipal Hospital were chosen in the research.According to the prognosis,the patients were divided into hematoma clearance group (n =45) and rebleeding group(n =15).The levels of intracranial pressure 24h after surgery,serum contents of nerve injury related indicators,inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress indicators were compared between the two groups.Pearson test was used to evaluate the correlation between intracranial pressure 24h after surgery and nerve injury,inflammatory stress response.Results 24 h after surgery,the intracranial pressure in the hematoma clearance group was (349.27 ± 45.81)mmH2O,which was lower than (511.09 ± 57.64) mmH2O in the rebleeding group (t =-11.093,P ＜ 0.05).The serum contents of nerve injury markers such as NSE,h-FABP,GFAP,S 100B in the hematoma clearance group were (9.37 ± 1.05)ng/L,(7.04 ±0.85) μg/L,(7.19 ± 0.85) μg/L,(20.47 ± 3.19) ng/L,respectively,which were significantly lower than those in the rebleeding group [(14.58 ± 1.62) ng/L,(11.36 ± 1.62) μg/L,(16.23 ± 1.72) μg/L,(45.87 ± 5.62) ng/L](t =-14.414,-13.330,-26.989,-21.749,all P ＜ 0.05),the BNP level of the hematoma clearance group [(22.61 ± 2.85) μg/L] was significantly higher than (15.28 ± 1.79) μg/L ih the rebleeding group (t =11.732,P ＜ 0.05).The levels of inflammatory mediators such as IL-6,IL-1β,TNF-α in the hematoma clearance group were (5.28 ± 0.59) ng/L,(9.73 ± 1.54) ng/L,(15.28 ± i.76) ng/L,respectively,which were lower than those in the rebleeding group [(11.07 ± 1.63) ng/L,(20.46 ± 2.95) ng/L,(23.51 ± 3.79) ng/L] (t =-20.410,-18.225,-11.445,all P ＜ 0.05).The levels of antioxidant factors such as SOD,CAT in the hematoma clearance group were (49.58 ± 6.21) U/L,(68.11 ± 7.59) U/L,repectively,which were significantly higher than those in the rebleeding group [(32.16 ±4.05) U/L,(45.23 ±5.61)U/L] (t=10.138,10.715,all P ＜0.05).The contents of ROS,AOPP in the hematoma clearance group were (15.28 ± 1.73) μg/L,(10.94 ± 1.62) μg/L,respectively,which were lower than those in the rebleeding group [(34.19 ± 4.25) μg/L,(22.53 ± 2.18) μg/L] (t =-24.632,-21.945,all P ＜0.05).Pearson test showed that the level in 24h intracranial pressure in patients with hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage was positively correlated with the degree of nerve injury,inflammation stress(r =0.371,0.483,0.427,0.519,0.537,all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Monitoring of intracranial pressure after minimally invasive surgery for hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage,can effectively judge the severity of nerve injury and inflammatory stress reaction,and can predict the risk of recurrent intracerebral hemorrhage.

Morphometric relationships between the mandibular canal and the molar teeth: a tomographic analysis report / Relaciones morfométricas entre el canal mandibular y los dientes molares: reporte de un análisis tomográfico

Some dental treatments that are performed in the mandibular teeth involve manipulation of anatomical structures near the dental periapex, so it is likely to cause nerve damage due to the proximity of the inferior alveolar nerve with the apices of the mandibular teeth, mainly in the molar area. The aim of this study was to determine through Computed Tomography (CT) scan the existing distance between the mandibular canal and the anatomical structures adjacent to its path which will help to reduce the risk of injury to the inferior alveolar nerve during the different dental treatments developed in this zone. A cross-sectional study was performed where the study population consisted of 50 patients of both sexes, between 20 and 30 years with a full dentition mandible. Patients underwent a CT study of the mandible with coronal planes at 1.5 mm, the right side and the left side of each jaw were considered for the analysis and millimetric measuring was held of the distances of the mandibular canal (MC) from different anatomical structures. Subsequently, a statistical analysis was performed to obtain the mean and standard deviation of the distances between the mandibular canal and some adjacent anatomical structures. The distance from the alveolar nerve canal to the apex of the lower third molar in average was 1.49 mm on the right side and 1.69 mm on the left side, the distance between the mandibular canal and lingual cortical at the lower first molar level on average was 3.54 mm on the right side and 4.02 mm on the left side and the distance between the lingual cortical at the second molar level was on average 2.86 mm on the right side and 3.6 mm on the left side.

Algunos tratamientos dentales que se realizan en los dientes mandibulares implican la manipulación de estructuras anatómicas cercanas al periapice dental, por lo que existe la probabilidad de causar lesiones nerviosas debido a la cercanía del canal mandibular con los ápices de los dientes mandibulares, principalmente los molares. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar a través de tomografía computarizada la distancia existente entre el canal mandibular a las estructuras anatómicas adyacentes a su trayecto lo que ayudará a disminuir el riesgo de lesiones del nervio alveolar inferior durante los diferentes tratamientos dentales desarrollados en esta zona. Se realizó un estudio transversal en donde la población de estudio estuvo compuesta por 50 pacientes de ambos sexos, entre 20 a 30 años con dentición completa en mandíbula. A los pacientes se les realizó un estudio de Tomografía Computarizada (TC) en mandíbula con cortes coronales a 1.5mm, se consideraron para el análisis el lado derecho y el lado izquierdo de cada mandíbula, y se realizó la medición milimétrica de las distancias que existen desde el CNAI a diferentes estructuras anatómicas. Posteriormente, se realizó un análisis estadístico para obtener Medias y Desviación Estándar de las distancias que existen entre el canal mandibular y algunas estructuras anatómicas adyacentes. La distancia del canal mandibular al ápice del tercer molar inferior en promedio fue de 1,49 mm del lado derecho y de 1,69 mm del lado izquierdo,la distancia entre el canal mandibular y la cortical lingual a nivel del primer molar inferior en promedio fue de 3,54 mm del lado derecho y de 4,02 mm del lado izquierdo y la distancia entre la cortical lingual a nivel del segundo molar fue en promedio de 2,86 mm del lado derecho y de 3,6 mm del lado izquierdo.

Diagnosis and surgical treatment of carotid body tumor: a report of 81 cases / 国际外科学杂志

Objective To explore the experience of diagnosis and surgical treatment of carotid body tumor.Methods A retrospective analysis between November 2008 and November 2015 was proceeded,the clinical data of surgical treatment for 81 patients with carotid body tumor was collected,to analyze data by SPSS19.0,and summarize the diagnosis of carotid body tumor,choice of operation methods and curative effect and complications prevention.Results Seventy-four cases underwent surgery treatment:tumors of 52 cases were simply stripped,tumors of 13 cases were resected combined with ligation of external carotid artery.Tumors of 7 cases were resected with internal and external carotid artery ligation,3 cases of whom underwent artificial blood vessel internal carotid artery end to end anastomosis.Postoperative death in 1 case of acute myocardial infarction,complicated with cerebral infarction in 2 cases,6 cases of injury of cranial nerve relieved after symptomatic treatment.No hemiplegia,aphasia and other serious complications.Tumor size and the surgery time correlation analysis:the correlation coefficient was 0.226,no significant correlation.Conclusions CTA is the most commonly used method of preoperative examination.Surgical resection is an effective method in treatment of carotid body tumor.Prevention injury of carotid artery cr internal carotid or common carotid artery and their reconstruction is the key to a successful operation.Sufficient preoperative assessment,select the appropriate operation method,intraoperative careful performance can ensure the cerebral perfusion,is the key to prevent and reduce the complications.

Vocal fold paralysis with intraoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve identification versus non-identification of recurrent laryngeal nerve in total thyroidectomy: A retrospective cohort study

@#<p><strong>OBJECTIVE:</strong> To determine the risk of vocal fold paralysis in patients who underwent total thyroidectomy with and without intraoperative recurrent laryngeal nerve identification.</p> <p><strong>METHODS:</strong></p> <p><strong>Design:</strong> Retrospective cohort study </p> <p><strong>Setting:</strong> Tertiary military hospital</p> <p><strong>Participants:</strong> 237 adult patients who underwent total thyroidectomy for benign lesions based on post-operative histopathology operated on by senior third or fourth year residents. Excluded were those who underwent lobectomy with isthmusectomy or reoperation/completion thyroidectomy, had intrathoracic goiters, confirmed malignancies based on post-operative histopathology, or cases wherein the RLN had to be sacrificed due to gross involvement of the nerve caused by malignancy.</p> <p><strong>RESULTS:</strong> Group A, wherein intraoperative identification of RLN was done, had a temporary and permanent RLN injury incidence of 2.75% and 0.92% respectively. Group B, wherein intraoperative identification of RLN was not done, had a temporary and permanent RLN injury incidence of 17.19% and 12.5% respectively.  Through binary linear regression, the probability of having temporary paralysis increases almost two-fold if the nerve is not identified, and the probability of having permanent paralysis increases by almost nine-fold if the nerve is not identified.</p> <p><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> We recommend routine intraoperative RLN identification, which has a lower risk for temporary and permanent vocal fold paralysis when compared to non-identification of the RLN.</p> <p> </p>

A case of malignant atrophic papulosis with cranial nerve and peripheral nerve impairment

Malignant atrophic papulosisis is a rare, multisystem obliterative vasculopathy of unknown etiology, occasionally involving the cranial nerve. We describe the first case of malignant atrophic papulosisis with cranial nerve and peripheral nerve involvement in China. A 47-year-old woman presented to our hospital with atrophic porcelain white papules over the trunk and extremities, numbness in the right calf, vision decrease and impaired movement of the right eye. She was diagnosed with malignant atrophic papulosisis, based on characteristic symptoms and histopathologic examination. The patient was treated with dipyridamole and aspirin for 9 months, but later died of gastrointestinal hemorrhage. We reviewed currently available case reports on cranial nerve involvement in malignant atrophic papulosisis and emphasized the importance of skin biopsy in diagnosing this disease.

Correlation of serum hs-CRP and IL-6 levels with cerebral hemorrhage volume and nerve function damage / 中华老年心脑血管病杂志

Objective To analyze the correlation of serum hs‐CRP and IL‐6 levels with cerebral hemorrhage volume and nerve function damage .Methods One hundred and two cerebral hemor‐rhage patients served as an experimental group and 64 individuals undergoing physical examina‐tion served as a control group in this study .The patients in experimental group were further di‐vided into mild damage group (n= 29) ,moderate damage group (n= 42) ,severe damage group (n=31) ,10 ml hemorrhage group(n=15) ,10 -30 ml hemorrhage group (n=52) ,and >30 ml hemorrhage group (n=35) .Their serum hs‐CRP and IL‐6 levels were measured on days 1 ,5 ,10 and 15 after admission .Results The serum hs‐CRP and IL‐6 levels in experimental group in‐creased gradually in the first 5 days ,reached their peak on day 5 and then decreased gradually (P<0 .05) .The serum hs‐CRP and IL‐6 levels were significantly higher in severe damage group than in mild and moderate damage groups ( P<0 .05) ,and in experimental group than in control group (9 .46 ± 1 .26 mg/L vs 4 .24 ± 0 .94 mg/L ,P=0 .02) .Conclusion The serum hs‐CRP and IL‐6 levels are related with cerebral hemorrhage volume and nerve function damage ,and can thus be considered as an important parameter in clinical testing .

Lesões traumáticas do nervo óptico / Optic nerve traumatic lesions

Documentar a incidência de lesões traumáticas da via óptica, assim como a etiologia traumática; correlacionar as lesões do nervo óptico com achados radiológicos (lesões cranianas e intracranianas); e estudar lesões múltiplas de nervos cranianos. Métodos: Dezoito pacientes admitidos no Serviço de Emergência da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo com lesão traumática da via óptica foram incluídos. Os pacientes foram divididos em três grupos de acordo com o escore da Escalade Coma de Glasgow (ECG) em: trauma leve (ECG de 13 a 15), moderado(ECG de 9 a 12) e grave (ECG de 3 a 8), distribuição quanto a gênero, presença de fraturas, lesões intracranianas, fístulas liquóricas emecanismo de trauma. Resultados: Dos 18 casos, 17 lesões ocorreram em conjunto com outros nervos cranianos e em 1 caso houve lesão exclusiva do nervo óptico. Atropelamentos, acidentes automobilísticos, motociclísticos e ferimento por projétil de arma de fogo constituíram as causas mais frequentes de lesão do nervo óptico, de forma isolada, assim como nas lesões de múltiplos nervos. Hematomas extradurais e contusões cerebrais foram as lesões intracranianas mais frequentes e, quando presentes, as fraturas cranianas localizavam-se no teto orbitário ou na região frontal. Conclusão: Neuropatia traumática do óptico deve ser pesquisada à admissão do paciente (quando possível), pois é passívelde tratamento clínico (corticoides) ou cirúrgico. Achados sugestivos de neuropatia óptica traumática incluem fraturas do assoalho ou teto orbitário e traumas de alta energia cinética...

To register the incidence of the traumatic lesions to the optic nerve and its etiology; to correlate these lesions to the radiological findings (cranial and intracranial) and study multiple cranial nerve lesions.Methods: Eighteen patients admitted to the Emergency Service of Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo Hospital have been studied and lesions to the optic nerves were described. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) in: mild trauma (GCS: 13 to 15), moderate (GCS: 9 to 12) and severe (GCS: 3 to 8), gender, fractures, intracranial lesions, CSF fistulas and type of trauma. Results: Posttraumatic single nerve lesion was observed in 1 patient and in 17patients multiple nerve lesions associated with the optic nerve lesion were documented. Running over, vehicle and motorcycle accidents and gunshot wounds were the main causes of these lesions (single nerve and multiple nerves). Extradural hematomas and cerebral contusions were the most frequent intracranial lesions. Whenever present, the cranial fractures involved the orbital roof or the frontal region. Conclusion: Traumatic optic neuropathy occurs must be searched on the patient admission (wheneverit is possible), because medical or surgical treatment can be proposed. Finding signs of traumatic optic neuropathy include fractures of the roof or floor of the orbit and traumas with high kinetic energy...

Risk factors and prognosis analysis of cranial nerve injury in non-acquired immune deficiency syndrome-related cryptococcal meningitis / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective To explore the risk and prognosis factor of cranial nerve injury in non acquired immune deficiency syndrome(AIDS)-related cryptococcal meningitis.Methods The clinical data of 115 patients with non-AIDS-related cryptococcal meningitis were reviewed retrospectively.Clinical characteristics,initial antifungal therapies and outcome of these patients were analyzed.The risk and prognosis factor was performed by multivariate Logistic regression.Results The incidence of cranial nerve injury was 35.7％(41/115).Among of them,the involved ratio was 48.8％ (20/41),39.0％ (16/41),24.4％ (10/41),12.2％ (5/41),7.3％ (3/41),4.9％ (2/41) in optic nerve,oculomotor nerve,acoustic nerve,abducent nerve,olfactory nerve,facial nerve.Predictive risk factor for cranial nerve injury was duration of diagnosis (OR =1.057,95％ CI 1.003-1.112),low cerebrospinal fluid cell count and intracranial hypertension were also the independent predictive factors (both P ＜ 0.05).In the follow-up peried,72.2％ (26/36) patients who had cranial nerve injury were fully recovered,with a median time of 0.5-24.0 (3.8 ±1.7) months.The independent predictors of recovery were numbers of nerve involved (OR =0.241,95 ％ CI 0.067-0.801,P =0.023) and combination therapy (OR =10.328,95 ％ CI 2.087-51.026,P =0.006).Condusions Cranial nerve injury is common in non-AIDS-related cryptococcal meningitis.Delay in diagnosis,intracranial hypertension and low cerebrospinal fluid cell count are independent predictive factors.Less cranial nerve involvement and combination therapy predicts recovery.

Lesões olfatórias pós-traumáticas / Post traumatic olfactory lesions

OBJETIVO: Documentar a incidência de lesões traumáticas do nervo olfatório, assim como a etiologia traumática; correlacionar as lesões do nervo olfatório com achados radiológicos (lesões cranianas e intracranianas) e estudar lesões múltiplas de nervos cranianos. MÉTODOS: Vinte e quatro pacientes admitidos no Serviço de Emergência da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo com lesão traumática do nervo olfatório foram incluídos. Os pacientes foram divididos em três grupos, de acordo com o escore da escala de coma de Glasgow (ECG): trauma leve (ECG de 13 a 15), moderado (ECG de 9 a 12) e grave (ECG de 3 a 8), assim como em diferentes graus de lesão do olfatório, como hiposmia, anosmia e parosmia, distribuição quanto a gênero, presença de fraturas, lesões intracranianas, fístulas liquóricas e mecanismo de trauma. RESULTADOS: Dos 24 casos, 15 lesões ocorreram em conjunto com outros nervos cranianos e em nove casos houve lesão exclusiva do nervo olfatório. O atropelamento foi a causa mais comum de lesão do nervo olfatório de forma isolada, assim como nas lesões de múltiplos nervos. Hematomas extradurais foram as lesões intracranianas mais frequentes e a ausência de fraturas predominou nos indivíduos estudados. CONCLUSÃO: Neuropatia traumática do olfatório deve ser pesquisada na admissão do paciente (quando possível), sobretudo quando houver evidência de traumas frontais ou occipitais.

OBJECTIVE: To register the incidence of the traumatic lesions to the cranial nerves and its etiology; to correlate the lesions to the radiological ndings (cranial and intracranial) and study multiple cranial nerve lesions. METHODS: Fifty-four patients admitted to the Emergency Service of Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo Hospital have been studied and lesions to the different cranial nerves were described. All patients were submitted do radiographic exams, computed tomography, and, when necessary, magnetic resonance imaging. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) in: mild trauma (GCS: 13 to 15), moderate (GCS: 9 to 12) and severe (GCS: 3 to 8). RESULTS: Posttraumatic single nerve lesion was more frequent seen on olfactory, facial and oculomotor nerves.Running over was the main cause of these lesions (single nerve and multiple nerves). Contusions and extradural hematomas were the most frequent intracranial lesions. CONCLUSION: Traumatic cranial neuropathy occurs frequently and must be searched on the patient admission, because it can surgical decompression may necessary, such as decompression of the optic or facial nerves.

Risk factors and prognostic analysis of cranial nerve impairment in 121 patients with tuberculous meningitis / 中华传染病杂志

Objective To investigate the risk factors associated with cranial nerve impairment in patients with tuberculous meningitis.Methods A total of 121 patients with tuberculous meningitis who were admitted to Huashan Hospital from 2000 to 2011 were reviewed retrospectively.Demographic data (gender,age),course of disease,initial results of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) tests,occurrence of cranial nerve impairment and prognosis of these patients were collected.All the patients were followed up for at least 3 months,and for those with cranial nerve impairment,the minimum follow-up period was 1 year in order to judge the recovery of cranial nerve impairment.Multivariate analysis was performed to study the associated risk factors.Results Out of 121 patients,22 (18.2 ％)developed cranial nerve impairment.Nerves involved were abducens nerve,oculomotor nerve,optic nerve and auditory nerve,and impairment of single nerve occurred in 9 (40.9 ％),8 (36.4 ％),7(31.8％) and 1(4.5％) patient,respectively.Three cases had more than one group of cranial nerves involved,accounting for 13.6％ of the 22 patients with cranial nerve impairment.The incidence of conscious disturbance was significantly higher in patients with cranial nerve impairment than those without impairment (77 ％ vs 45 ％,P=0.020).Delay in diagnosis (OR =1.017,95 ％ CI:1.001-1.033,P=0.040) and occurrence of conscious disturbance (OR =3.242,95 ％ CI:1.142-9.205,P=0.027) were independent predictive factors of cranial nerve injury.During one-year follow-up,90.9％ of patients were fully recovered from cranial nerve impairment,with a median duration of 1 month (range 0.5-6.0 months).Conclusions Cranial nerve impairment is a common complication in patients with tuberculous meningitis.Delay in diagnosis and occurrence of conscious disturbance were independent predictive factors.Most cranial nerve impairment were reversible,and timely diagnosis and treatment are important ways to reduce complications.

Cranial nerve impairment in cryptococcal meningitis: predictors and prognosis / 中华传染病杂志

Objective To understand the predictors and prognostic significance of cranial nerve impairment in non-acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients with cryptococcal meningitis.Methods A total of 145 non-AIDS patients with cryptococcal meningitis admitted to Huashan Hospital,Fudan University from Jan 2000 to Dec 2010 were reviewed retrospectively.Clinical characteristics,initial antifungal therapies and outcome of these patients were analyzed.Continuous variables were analyzed using t test and categorical variables were compared by x2 test or Fisher's exact test.Multivariate analysis was performed by binary Logistic regressions.Results Out of 145 patients,52 (35.9％) patients had cranial nerve impairment at enrollment.Optic (25/52,48.1％) and oculomotor (22/52,42.3％) nerves were the most commonly involved,followed by auditory (12/52,23.1％),abducens (6/52,11.5％),olfactory (4/52,7.7％) and facial (3/52,5.8％) nerves.The best predictive factor of cranial nerve injury was duration of diagnosis (OR =1.056,95％ CI:1.002-1.111).The risk of cranial injury would increase by 5.6％ with one-week delay of diagnosis.Intracranial hypertension and low cerebrospinal fluid cell count were also the independent predictive factors (both P＜0.05).In the follow-up period,73.3％ patients who had cranial nerve injuries were fully recovered,with a median time of 3 (0.5-24.0) months.The independent predictors of recovery were numbers of nerve involved (OR =0.230,95 ％ CI:0.066-0.800,P=0.021) and amphotericin B (AmB) plus 5-fluorocytosine,triazole antifungal agent therapy (OR=10.317,95％CI:2.086-51.025,P=0.004).Conclusions Cranial nerve impairment occurs in one-third of non-AIDS patients with cryptococcal meningitis.Delay in diagnosis,intracranial hypertension and low cerebrospinal fluid cell count are independent predictive factors.Less cranial nerve involvement and AmB plus triazole therapy predict recovery.

Lesões traumáticas de nervos cranianos / Traumatic lesions to the cranial nerves

Objetivo: Documentar a incidência de lesões traumáticas de nervos cranianos, assim como a etiologia traumática, correlacionar as lesões dos nervos cranianos com achados radiológicos (lesões cranianas e intracranianas) e estudar lesões múltiplas de nervos cranianos. Métodos: Cinquenta e quatro pacientes admitidos no Serviço de Emergência da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo com lesões traumáticas nos diferentes nervos cranianos foram incluídos. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos à radiografia simples de crânio, tomografia computadorizada e, quando indicada, ressonância magnética de encéfalo. Os pacientes foram divididos em três grupos de acordo com o escore da Escala de Coma de Glasgow (ECG) em: trauma leve (ECG de 13 a 15), moderado (ECG de 9 a 12) e grave (ECG de 3 a 8). Resultados: Os nervos cranianos mais afetados de forma isolada foram olfatório, facial e oculomotor. O atropelamento foi a causa mais comum de lesão de nervos cranianos de forma isolada, assim como nas lesões de múltiplos nervos. Contusões e hematomas extradurais foram as lesões intracranianas mais frequentes. Conclusão: Neuropatia craniana de etiologia traumática ocorre frequentemente e deve ser pesquisada à admissão do paciente, pois pode exigir descompressão de estruturas nervosas importantes como nervo óptico e facial.

Objective: To register the incidence of the traumatic lesions to the cranial nerves and its etiology; to correlate the lesions to the radiological findings (cranial and intracranial) and study multiple cranial nerve lesions. Methods: Fifty-four patients admitted to the Emergency Service of Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo Hospital have been studied and lesions to the different cranial nerves were described. All patients were submitted do radiographic exams, computed tomography, and, when necessary, magnetic resonance imaging. The patients were divided into 3 groups according to the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) in: mild trauma (GCS: 13 to 15), moderate (GCS: 9 to 12) and severe (GCS: 3 to 8). Results: Posttraumatic single nerve lesion was more frequent seen on olfactory, facial and oculomotor nerves. Running over was the main cause of these lesions (single nerve and multiple nerves). Contusions and extradural hematomas were the most frequent intracranial lesions. Conclusion: Traumatic cranial neuropathy occurs frequently and must be searched on the patient admission, because it can surgical decompression may necessary, such as decompression of the optic or facial nerves.

Recent progress in radiological study of cranial nerve injury / 第二军医大学学报

The vast majority of traumatic cranial nerve injuries are associated with compression of fragment fracture, and microsurgery outside the epidural can be used for most of the cases. Therefore, early and accurate diagnosis of cranial nerve injury is especially important. As the cranial nerves go out of the cranial cavity through the holes and cracks of the skull base, and there are a number of special structures through which cranial nerve goes into the human skull, and they include the optic canal, superior orbital fissure, facial nerve canal, jugular foramen and so on. Most traumatic cranial nerve injuries are associated with these structures; however, the common imaging examination is very difficult for these structures due to their deep location. To further study the imaging diagnosis of cranial nerve injury associated with traumatic brain injury, this paper reviews the radiological technology for examination of the special positions in the skull.